Soon, the Ponca learned the value of being the middlemen in trade between Europeans and those tribes along the Upper Missouri, and in 1795 they began the practice of stopping and raiding trading craft as they went up the Missouri River (Howard, 1965, p. 25). As a result, two prominent attorneys decided that a writ of habeas corpus, asking for 14th Amendment protection, could prevent the Ponca from being forcibly returned to their reservation in Oklahoma. The information furnished to Fletcher by the Office of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs showed the Wa-in-xu-de or “Gray Blanket” village was said to have a population of 377 persons, the Hu-bthon or “Fish Smell” village had 144 persons, and the “Point” village had 248 persons. The name Ponca is a combination of Siouan dialects and has a symbolic connotation of 'sacred head.' The Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma is governed by an elected business committee and tribal chairperson and vice-chairperson. The Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma is headquartered at White Eagle, near Ponca City, Oklahoma. Drum – principle chief of Fish Smell Village. The Ponca were suffering from malaria in this new country and many died from it. The Ponca Indian Reservation was located in Oklahoma. Later it is believed, the Ponca returned to build a village with the Omaha and the Iowa at the mouth of the White River. Treaties. However, the larger tribe of Pawnee frequently made war on the Ponca when their northern allies were not around. IDA Treaties Explorer Partners About Treaties Explorer. The Northern Ponca now operates under a constitution consistent with the Indian Reorganization Act of 18 June 1934. These Ponca chiefs were documented by the Mormons as: There were many Mormons who wrote journals about their life and enjoyable experiences among the Ponca. Editor’s Note: This article is part of the multi-part series “Exiled to Indian Country” about the exile of Native Americans. However, by the time they entered the camp, the Pawnee had fled. In the same report filed in 1880, it was recorded that among the Ponca in Oklahoma, 80 houses had been built. Ponca City Public Schools . Although it would be easy to write off Ponca City as just another small town in middle America, its unique heritage—steeped in the bygone days of cowboys … If you have additional information about this cemetery, please e-mail area coordinator. It was not until 9 July 1877 that the party passed through Baxter Springs in Southeastern Kansas and crossed the line into the Indian Territory on the lands of the Quapaw Tribe. United States Indigenous Peoples of the US Oklahoma, United States Genealogy Indigenous Peoples of Oklahoma Ponca Indian Reservation (Oklahoma). From this time, the Ponca have been divided into the Northern Ponca of Nebraska and the Southern Ponca of Oklahoma (Howard, 1965, p. 38). As a result of the 2000 census, it was determined that there were 4,858 individuals in the United States that identified themselves as being Ponca alone, or Ponca in combination with another tribe or race. By August of 1881, only 26,236 acres in Knox County, Nebraska were returned to the Ponca near Niobrara, and by 1882, there were 170 Ponca living there. My family, also, includes the late Emily No Ear Kent, and descent from Chief White Eagle and Chief Standing Bear. However, Gen. Crook caught up with Standing Bear and his Ponca followers, took them into custody without incident, and began escorting them back to Indian Territory. White Eagle – son of Iron Whip (has hereditary leadership rites). Among the 18 killed was the famous Ponca Chief, Shu-de-ga-xe or “Smoke Maker” (the first of this name) (Report of P. Wilson to B. O’Fallon, 1824, National Archives, St. Louis Superintendency). In the early 1700s, the Omaha, Ponca and Iowa migrated up the Missouri River to the mouth of the White River in South Dakota. Afternoon session will be at the Cultural Center at 2:00pm . Although Standing Bear and his followers were freed in the spring of 1879, they had no home to return to in Nebraska. The tribal buffalo hunt in 1855 was the last successful big hunt. References to the Ponca historical records include the variations la Pong, Panka and Punka. Ponca City had a population of 25,387 at the time of the 2010 census. Later during the 1600s, the Ponca, Omaha, Osage and Kansas that went upriver along the Mississippi, stayed for a time near present day Osage and Gasconde Counties in Missouri, west of present day St. Louis. 3.1 Correspondence and Census; 4 … Ponca Tribe originally sought an injunction in the District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (“IGRA”), 25 U.S.C. Main article: Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma After the 1877 forced relocation onto the Quapaw Reservation in Indian Territory, the tribe moved west to their own lands along the Arkansas and Salt Fork Rivers. When the 8 Ponca chiefs reached their homeland, they found that since the Ponca had refused to go to Indian Territory of their own free will, a government order had been issued on 12 April 1877 to force their removal. Cession 628. Smallpox and other introduced Eurasian diseases took a heavy toll of the tribe repeatedly in the 18th and 19th centuries, as they had no immunity to the new diseases. Of the 30 Ponca, only 12 returned alive. Allotment in severalty robbed the Poncas and other Indians of additional land and made way for statehood. 36-39) by 1835, a cholera epidemic killed an estimated 10% of the Ponca Tribe's population, further reducing their number to approximately 700 persons (Howard, 1965, p. 24). Although Congress granted them a reservation in this area, the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie granted their reservation to the Lakota. United States Indigenous Peoples of the US Oklahoma, United States Genealogy Indigenous Peoples of Oklahoma Ponca Indian Reservation (Oklahoma) The Ponca Indian Reservation was located in Oklahoma. She was a Ponca Elder who always showed compassion to others. Later in 1847 the Mormons settled in the Rocky Mountains in what is now Salt Lake City, Utah. The Ponca Restoration Bill giving the Northern Ponca federal recognition was introduced to the U.S. Senate, passed, and was signed into law by President Bush on 31 October 1990. They planted corn and other crops, hunted buffalo occasionally and traded for many of their goods. Black Warrior – a chief of the 2nd rank (nephew of Buffalo Bull). During the 1830s the Ponca were generally thought to be allies with elements of the Yankton Dakota and the Teton Lakota and frequently joined with them in warfare against the Pawnee. In April 1987, Nebraska passed legislative resolution #128 giving state recognition to the Northern Ponca Tribe and its members. BORN. § 2701 et seq., requiring the state of Oklahoma and Oklahoma's governor to negotiate a compact which would permit the tribe to operate a Class III gaming facility on the reservation. Grant agreed to the move if the Ponca were willing. Kathleen Powell born June 27, 1948 in Ponca City, Oklahoma and passed away January 8, 2021. Throughout the 1700s the Ponca were referenced in various maps and literature as living between Ponca Creek and the Niobrara River in North-central Nebraska. However, the government made no effort to correct this fantastic error, or to protect the Ponca as promised in the treaty of 1858. Their tribal jurisdictional area includes parts of Kay and Noble counties. (Duncan, 1997, p. 59) the Ponca then made first contact with French traders in 1794. 3, 1881 (xxi, 422)[1]. Iron Whip – principle chief of Gray Blanket village (brother of two Bulls). However, figures presented do not add up. The Ponca were divided into two hunting groups, those from the Gray Blanket village and those from the Fish Smell village. In the spring of the following year, in 1859, the Ponca tried to make their customary tribal buffalo hunt, but encountered a combined party of Sicangu Lakota, Oglala Lakota and Cheyenne at the headwaters of the Elkhorn River. I am the great granddaughter of Lucy and Garland Kent, Sr., daughter of Curtis and Francis Primeaux and sister of Lexia and Alec Kent. However, figures presented do not add up. 6 Best Things to Do in Ponca City, Oklahoma. Buffalo Chip – a chief of the 2nd rank (after Black Warrior dies in August 1846). Present Day Tribes: Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Ponca Tribe of Nebraska. Then a grand council was established to reach an agreement on the terms of the peace, and rules of war and hunting. It is also believed that it was at this time that the Arikara showed the Omaha, Ponca, Iowa group how to build an earthlodge, and in return, the Omaha gave the Marinara permission to perform certain aspects of the Hethuska Society traditions and dances (Howard, 1965, p. 14) (Duncan, 1997, p. 33). Another location was found for them on the west bank of the Arkansas River, covering both sides of the Salt Fork River in North-Central Oklahoma near what is now Ponca City. By 20 October 1880, when agent A. R.  Satterwhite filed a report for the Ponca Agency in Indian Territory, the population of the Ponca in Oklahoma was now only 530 under the leadership of the following men: White EagleBlack CrowRush Into BattleThe ChiefBig BullBig SoldierChild Chief. These guidelines were adopted by the Oklahoma … The Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, also known as the Ponca Nation, is one of two federally recognized tribes of Ponca people. 142nd Annual Ponca Celebration will still be going on today. The Teton Lakota Bands now had a perfect excuse for their continued raids on the Ponca, as the Ponca were now trespassers in their own homeland. It seems that both tribes were out on their tribal buffalo hunts and the encounter was accidental. In 1936 the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act paved the way for the Southern Ponca in Oklahoma to create a constitution and by-laws still in use today. On their way south, they camped at Ft. Omaha near the city of Omaha, Nebraska and their story was made known to the citizens there. They established winter camps along the Arkansas River, and they continued to practice their tribal customs. On behalf of the Ponca Business Committee and Ponca Tribe, we send our condolences to the Powell, Thomas, Leclair, and Kemble families. The agent, angry at their lack of cooperation, then left the Ponca chiefs, some of whom were advanced in years and ill. The city was named after the Ponca tribe. The Fish Smell Poncas contented themselves with looting the deserted Pawnee hunting camp, taking such things as dried meat, moccasins, leggings, and rawhide lariats left behind. It was then that the first treaty was made between the Ponca and the U.S. to establish “perpetual peace and friendship” (Howard, 1965, p. 27). 211-213). At this time they were joined by the Iowa, who belong to the Chiwere dialect of the Siouan language group, similar to the Otoe and Missouri Tribes. According to Dorsey (1884, pp. The Kay County town of Tonkawa is headquarters for the Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma, where a museum preserves the tribe’s cultural heritage. Gen. George Crook was then given orders by Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz to arrest the run-a-ways and return them to Indian Territory. both Omaha and Ponca legends say they were living in a village near a lake when the sacred cedar pole was found. It is believed that it was here, prior to 1673, that the Omaha’s sacred cedar pole was cut, an important religious object, and afterward the Omaha assigned each clan and sub-clan its particular customs and duties (Dorsey, 1884, pp. Bending to their inevitable situation, the Ponca chiefs signed a treaty with the U.S. Government on 12 March 1858 which ceded to the government all 2.3 million acres of land which the Ponca owned or claimed “except for a small portion on which to colonize or domesticate them.” In return, the Federal Government promised to “protect the tribe in the possession of the remainder of their domain as their permanent home and to secure them in their persons and property” (Royce, 1899, p. 818). Their tribal jurisdiction spans parts of Kay and Noble counties. Food was also scarce as they had been on the move during the summers of 1877 and 1878 and had not been able to cultivate any crops. When the agent returned to Nebraska, Standing Bearand other tribal members signe… This page was last edited on 19 August 2017, at 19:57. In the early 1800s, the Ponca were still a semi-sedentary tribe living in earth lodges that the Arikara taught them and the Omaha how to construct. Language Group . They settled in present-day Nebraska and South Dakota. Mr. & Mrs. John Allen, Apr. 3.1K likes. COMMENTS; ABRAHAMSON: Bertha (Littlecook) 11 … The chiefs were then forced to make the journey home in the middle of winter, without money, food or an interpreter. By March 1879, Standing Bear and his followers had reached the Omaha Reservation in Nebraska, and the Omaha Chief Iron Eyes took pity on them, and offered food and asylum. Ponca City is a city in Kay County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Little Chief – son of Smoke Maker (has hereditary leadership rites. Some 50 days later, the Ponca chiefs reached the Otoe Reservation along the Kansas/Nebraska border. In 1936 the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act paved the way for the Southern Ponca in Oklahoma … The Ponca Tribe today has about 4,200 members with many still settled in Ponca City. 580.763.0135; gail.kent@ponca-nsn.gov; 198 White Eagle Dr, Ponca City, Ok. 74601 (1) 08/25/2018 . Road will end. The Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, also known as the Ponca Nation, is one of two federally recognized tribes of Ponca people.The other is the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska.Traditionally, peoples of both tribes have spoken the Omaha-Ponca language, part of the Siouan language family.. The Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma is headquartered in Ponca City, Oklahoma. 3, 1877 (xix, 287), May 27, 1878 (xx,??? United States Department of Commerce, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary. By 1906, just one year prior to Oklahoma statehood, the total Ponca population was 833, divided as 570 Southern Ponca in Oklahoma and 263 Northern Ponca in Nebraska. At first they warred with the Marinara, but later a peace was determined by performing the wa-wan or calumet ceremony. James O. Dorsey, an unusual large scale conflict took place between the Ponca and their old enemies the Pawnee. By the time the Lewis and Clark expedition reached the Ponca village in September 1804, on the lower side of Ponca Creek, about two miles from the Missouri River, the Ponca had become quite familiar with Europeans. Chief Standing Bear's daughter Prairie Flower, and his wife Shines White, were among those who died along the way. Over the next eight years, the Ponca repeatedly appealed to the U.S. Government for protection and assistance. All Rights Reserved. Meanwhile, the Ponca hunting party from the Gray Blanket village ran into the fleeing Pawnee and after an intense running fight, killed them to a man. Smoke Maker – a chief of the 2nd rank (son of the chief of the same name who was killed by the Sicangu Lakota in 1824. The Ponca Tribe was approached by a government agent from the Indian Bureau, who selected 8 chiefs to accompany him to Oklahoma to look over several alternative sites for a new Ponca Reservation there. In 2018, The Ponca Tribe of Indians Oklahoma (Southern Poncas) has 3,783 enrolled members. 08/25/2018 . The Ponca Tribe today has about 4,200 members with many still settled in Ponca City. The name for the Ponca has been interpreted by some authorities as “that which is sacred” (Mails, 1985, p. 308), yet certain members of the Ponca Tribe believe it comes from the Ponca word pah-ca meaning “nose” or “that part of the face that goes before the rest of the body.” Other interpretations include “sacred head” and “gentle leader.”. Of the 3,581 enrolled tribal members, 3000 live within the state of Oklahoma. (O'shea & Ludwickson, 1992, pp. I am a descendant of the Ponca Tribe and of the Wa’zha’she Clan. By 1770, the Omaha had migrated to a site on Omaha Creek to build a fortified earth lodge village by themselves which they called “Big Village” in present day Thurston County, Nebraska. Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Ponca Tribe of Nebraska. James O. Dorsey, for many years a missionary and amateur ethnographer among the Ponca and the Omaha in the late 19th Century, states that later the neighboring Yankton Dakota Tribe made war on the Omaha, Ponca and Iowa while they camped on the Big Sioux River, which forced the group to travel west to the present day site of Lake Andes, in Choteau County, South Dakota. Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma: lt;p|> ||The |Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma|, also known as the |Ponca Nation|, is one of tw... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. The Otoes provided them with enough food and horses to make their way back to Niobrara, Nebraska. 253-254). Historic Tribes: Ponka. This treaty also stated that only “American Citizens” were to be allowed to reside among the tribe as traders, as was the custom at that time, and the tribe agreed to delegate the punishment of offenders to the United States Government, giving American traders an advantage over French and Spanish traders in the area. It is therefore safe to say that the population of the Ponca Tribe in 1874 consisted of a range between 600 and 769 individuals. The Ponca chiefs refused to select any of the sites and after informing the government agent of their decision, requested to be allowed to return home to Niobrara, Nebraska. Also, 350 acres had been planted with corn and other vegetables (Foreman, 1946, pp. Occasionally, small elements of the Lakota would sometimes raid the Ponca as well, taking horses or stealing corn they had grown. Then, according to John John Champe (cited by Wood, 1959, p. 10), the Omaha and Iowa continued moving further south to build a village along Bow Creek near present day Wynot, Nebraska in Cedar County about 1735. (Fletcher & Laflesche, 1911, p. 218). (The 14th Amendment states that no state shall deprive anyone of life, liberty or property without due process of law.) The Ponca tribe separated from the Omaha tribe in the early 18th century as they were migrating west from the Great Lakes region. While the Mormons were there, 9 Ponca chiefs and sub-chiefs arrived on the 8th of August 1846, intending to seek peace negotiations with the Pawnee. In 1966, the Northern Poncas were completely terminated and all of their land and tribal holdings were dissolved. Location - Southwest of Ponca City~~~Corner of Waverly Street and old Highway 60, go south about 3 miles on Waverly to Riverview Road. Dissatisfied with the reservation system established after the Civil War, reformers and politicians decided to assimilate American Indians by forcing private ownership of land. 1 History; 2 Records; 3 Agency Records. United States Department of the Interior. The information furnished to Fletcher by the Office of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs showed the Wa-in-xu-de or “Gray Blanket” village was said to have a population of 377 persons, the Hu-Bthon or “Fish Smell” village had 144 persons, and the “Point” village had 248 persons. During the 1970s members of the Northern Ponca Tribe, unwilling to accept their status as a terminated tribe, initiated the process of restoration to federal recognition. Despite their original reservation having been established in 1858, the Ponca suffered decades of broken treaties, a lack of financial support from the U.S. Government, and ongoing attacks by the neighboring Sioux, with whom they were sworn enemies. 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