In 1837 revolts against Britain took place in Upper and Lower Canada. The rebels from Toronto travelled to the United States in groups of two. uprising. His report eventually led to greater autonomy in the Canadian colonies and the union of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada in 1840. They obtained supplies from supporters in the United States, resulting in British reprisals (see Caroline affair). Following the Rebellion in Upper Canada "The rebellion had failed. It undermined the influence of the extremists in Upper Canada. The Upper Canada Rebellion was an insurrection against the oligarchic government of the British colony of Upper Canada (present-day Ontario) in December 1837. Thus, responsible government became a "pragmatic" policy of alleviating local abuses, rather than a revolutionary anti-colonial moment. at the front had been killed. Mackenzie saw the bank as a prop of the Government and demanded farmers withdraw the money they had deposited in the bank and public confidence in the bank decreased. The rebels continued their raids into Canada using the U.S. as a base of operations and, in cooperation with the U.S. Hunters' Lodges, dedicated themselves to the overthrow of British rule in Canada. In 1837, however, Mackenzie was emboldened by the insurgency in Lower Canada and the transfer of all British troops there from Upper Canada. Mackenzie and his followers also opposed a system of land gra… Although initially believing the government's position was untenable he was inspired by a company of men that formed to defend the government. William Lyon Mackenzie took charge of the reformers in … In December 1837, Upper Canadian radicals led by William Lyon Mackenzie, frustrated with political patronage and corruption, tried and failed to seize Toronto. The Compact dominated the running of the government. In, M.S. The Reformers urged that [68] Mackenzie, Duncombe, Rolph and 200 supporters fled to Navy Island in the Niagara River and declared themselves the Republic of Canada on December 13. Many were non-conformist in their religious views and somewhat republican in their political leanings.) On January 13, 1838, under attack by British armaments, the rebels fled. [39] Government officials met at the Lieutenant Governor's residence on December 2 to discuss how to stop rumours of a rebellion. With the help of American volunteers, the various rebel groups launched raids against Upper Canada. Some historians sympathize with the rebels and believe they represented the voice of the majority, or at least of the colonial working classes. Onto the Upper Canada Rebellion, or as others call it, the Farmers’ Revolt. It was initially thought that the Toronto rebellion was successful, contributing to Charles Duncombe wanting to rise up as well. [19] He appealed to the people's desire to maintain part of the British Empire and a paternalistic attitude of the Crown providing goods for the people. There was also popular opposition to land-granting practices. Many of the grievances which underlay the Rebellion involved the provisions of the Constitutional Act of 1791, which had created Upper Canada's political framework. incursions in the southwest. It had ferried rebel troops between Detroit and Windsor. Colonel Allan MacNab, who had just finished leading Upper Canadian militiamen during the Battle of Montgomery's Tavern, was sent to engage Duncombe's uprising. passed in 1840. The more recent trend is to dismiss the rebellions as unnecessary. William Lyon Mackenzie led a rag-tag contingent of 800 men down Yonge Street toward Toronto. Mackenzie disagreed and wanted to attack the government troops. Louis-Joseph Papineau and his Patriotes, as well as more moderates led the rebellion in Lower Canada. The raids did not end until the rebels and Hunters were defeated at the Battle of the Windmill, just eleven months after the initial battle at Montgomery's Tavern. [49] Meanwhile, Bond Head proposed a negotiating session with rebel leaders to Marshall Spring Bidwell, who declined. Mackenzie, Duncombe and other rebel leaders fled with about 200 followers to The meeting created the Committee of Vigilance and signed a declaration urging every community to send delegates to a congress in Toronto and discuss remedies for their concerns. Amid these tensions, there was also economic depression in the 1830s. In the meantime, filibusters from the United States, the Hunter Patriots , formed a small militia and attacked Windsor, Upper Canada , to support the Canadian Patriotes. [40] Fitzgibbon warned the men of rebels forging pikes north of the city and he was appointed adjutant general of the militia. In the aftermath of the 1837-1838 rebellion in Upper Canada, the government was faced with over 800 political prisoners. In, Buckner, Phillip A. , "Rebellion in Upper Canada". Clergy reserves, the family compact/chateau clique, responsible government. [73] Other rebels were also sentenced to hang and ninety-two men were sent to Van Diemen's Land. The Upper Canada Rebellion was largely defeated shortly after it began, although resistance lingered until 1838. [5] Their administrative roles were intimately tied to their business activities. The rebellions, and their more limited counterpart in Upper Canada in 1837, led directly to the appointment of Lord Durham and the Durham Report. This led to the introduction of what became known as responsible government. In retaliation Bond Head refused to sign any bills passed by the assembly, including public work projects. [18], Unlike previous Lt. Governors, Bond Head actively supported Tory candidates and utilized Orange Order violence in order to ensure their election. The Compact was an elite clique of officials and businessmen who ran the colony, largely through a system of patronage. The 1837 rebellion in Upper Canada was a less violent, more limited affair than the uprising earlier that year in Lower Canada. In their fear and confusion, they turned and ran. Sir Francis Bond Head, the new lieutenant-governor, was sent to Upper Canada to appease the reformers in the Assembly. This contributed to economic hardship and increased unemployment throughout the province. Mackenzie, the fiery Scottish journalist-turned-politician, was the voice of the reform movement and Toronto’s first mayor. the Durham Report. [74], Paul Romney explains this failure of historical imagination as the outcome of an explicit strategy adopted by reformers in the face of charges of disloyalty to Britain in the wake of the Rebellions of 1837. [43], A loyalist named Robert Moodie saw the large gathering at Montgomery's Tavern and rode towards Toronto to warn the officials. He was forced Because of all the hardships that people went through they all spoke out … The Rebellions of 1837–1838 (French: Les rébellions de 1837), were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. [25], Mackenzie gathered reformers on July 28 and 31, 1837 to discuss their grievances with the government. At this point only 200 men at Montgomery's Tavern were armed. (Hundreds of Black Canadians volunteered William Lyon Mackenzie, Scottish-born journalist and political agitator who led an unsuccessful revolt against the Canadian government in 1837. Lord Gosford (1835–38). Durham's famous report led to a series of reforms and changes including the union of the two Canada's, as well as responsible government. [56], On Wednesday morning Peter Matthews arrived at the tavern with sixty men, but Mackenzie could still not convince the rebel forces to march towards Toronto. [30], The next day Mackenzie convinced John Rolph that a rebellion could be successful and happen without anyone being killed. The union was reorganized as the Canadian Alliance Society in 1835 and adopted much of the platform of the Owenite National Union of the Working Classes in London, England, that were to be integrated into the Chartist movement in England. [8] Despite repeated attempts, the elected Legislature – which had chartered the bank – could not obtain details on the bank's workings. Bond Head then refused to pass any legislation from that government session including major public works projects. and moderate reformers such as Robert Baldwin, were defeated. They were easily dispersed by government volunteers under the command of Sir Allan Napier MacNab. The second Rebellion in Lower Canada soon followed. Leader of the English reformers in Lower Canada. The rebels refused to march until daylight. They focused on the campaign for responsible government and were thus prepared to unite the two Canadas. [50] Rolph and Robert Baldwin met the rebel troops at Gallows Hill and stated the government's proposal of full amnesty to the rebels if they dispersed immediately. Hamilton, Sandwich (Windsor) and along the border in the Niagara region.). Reform movement. For example, William Allan "was an executive councillor, a legislative councillor, President of the Toronto and Lake Huron Railroad, Governor of the British American Fire and Life Assurance Company and President of the Board of Trade. government. The new Tory-dominated Legislature passed laws that exacerbated tensions including continuing the Legislative session after the death of the King, prohibiting members of the Legislature from serving as Executive Councillors, making it easier to sue indebted farmers, protecting the Bank of Upper Canada from bankruptcy, and giving Legislative Councillors charters for their own banks. In 1837 revolts against Britain took place in Upper and Lower Canada. In November 1837, James Fitzgibbon was concerned about soldiers leaving Upper Canada going to quell the Lower Canada Rebellion and urged Bond Head to keep some troops for protection, which was refused. [24], The Upper Canada legislature refused to pass a supply bill in 1836 after Bond Head refused to implement responsible government reforms. He also urged them to seize control of the government. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. This caused a recession in Upper Canada. [71] Van Egmond died of an illness he acquired while imprisoned[72] while Lount and Peter Matthews were sentenced to the gallows for leading the rebellion. It recommended that the Canadas be united into one colony. He was wounded in an ensuing battle and taken to the tavern, where he died several hours later in severe pain. Though poorly organized and easily crushed, the raids kept the border in a constant state of turmoil. [61] The armed forces were split into two companies and went to fields on both sides of Yonge Street. The Upper Canada Rebellion was, along with the Patriotes Rebellion in Lower Canada, a rebellion against the colonial government in 1837 and 1838.Collectively they are also known as the Rebellion of 1837, while the Patriotes Rebellion is also called the Lower Canada Rebellion.. [20] Reformers such as Mackenzie and Samuel Lount lost their seats in the Legislature and they alleged that the election was fraudulent. However, he succeeded in helping to cause the rebellion. [33] After the Battle of Saint-Denis Fitzgibbon prepared a list of men that he could contact personally if a rebellion began in Toronto. Rockford, IL – “ Enoch was elected Captain of the rebels at Malahide, Ontario during the Rebellions of 1837. Sir Francis Bond Head, the Lt. Gov. "Rebellion in Upper Canada". [64], News of the intended rebellion had reached London and the surrounding townships by December 7. The Rebellions of 1837 were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. Radical politician William Lyon Mackenzie leads a rebellion against the colonial government of Upper Canada on December 5th, 1837. The rebels set up a roadblock south of the tavern on Yonge Street that Moodie tried riding through. Jan 1, 1837, 26 Patriotes resist arrest by the authorities who were led by John Colborne Oct 9, 1837, Mackenzie and followers attempt to take Toronto armoury Dec 7, 1837, Montgomerey Tavern Jan 13, 1838, Rebels attacked by Brits and then flee (Late Loyalists were American-born settlers who had migrated to Upper Canada prior to the War of 1812. Small businessmen and farmers against merchant elites who, as political leaders, are raising property taxes, tariffs and freight rates to raise money for canals. [28] Mackenzie gathered reformers at John Doel's brewery and proposed kidnapping Bond Head, bringing him to city hall and forcing him to let the Legislature choose the members of the Executive Council. In pursuit of this democratic goal, the Chartists eventually staged a similar armed rebellion, the Newport Rising, in Wales in 1839. The government’s failings and corruption all contributed to the 1837-1838 rebellion. C Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada: A Collection of Documents. However, the remaining rebels thought their comrades Mackenzie printed the declaration in his newspaper and toured communities north of Toronto to encourage citizens to make similar declarations. Radical Reformers in Canada East (Lower Canada, 1841–67; now Quebec) were known as Patriotes. Compared to the Lower Canada Rebellion, the initial portion of the Upper Canada Rebellion was short and disorganized. Prescott in November and at Windsor in early December. He openly assisted the conservatives in winning the election of 1836. The rebels without arms were sent to the tavern with their prisoners. Few historians see any necessary political connection with the rebellion in Lower Canada. The large number of migrants led American legislators to speculate that bringing Upper Canada into the American fold would be a "mere matter of marching". [7] Lacking the minimum capital needed to found the bank, the corporate leaders persuaded the government to subscribe for a quarter of its shares. He led the rebellion in Upper Canada. As part of this satire, he published a draft republican constitution for the State of Upper Canada that closely resembled the objectives in the constitution of the Canadian Alliance Society in 1834. [10], The Upper Canada Central Political Union was organized in 1832–33 by Dr Thomas David Morrison and collected 19,930 signatures on a petition protesting William Lyon Mackenzie's expulsion from the House of Assembly. [41], Rolph tried to warn Mackenzie about the warrant for his arrest but could not find him so delivered the message to Lount instead. Quebec. The front rank of the rebel force returned fire and then dropped to the ground, to assume a safer firing position. William Lyon Mackenzie (1795-1861) was a Canadian rebel who led the failed 1837 rebellion in Upper Canada (now Ontario).A puritan with a mission to bring democracy to Canada, and a tireless journalist, he dominated the political opposition to the hated pro-British Tories. This was worsened in Upper Canada by bad wheat harvests in 1836 and farmers were unable to pay their debts. Reform Party, political movement in Canada West (later called Upper Canada from 1841 to 1867; now Ontario) and the Maritime Provinces that came into prominence shortly before 1837. Between 5 and 8 December 1837, approximately 1,000 men gathered at Montgomery's Tavern in Toronto. Of the latter group, a few men were sent to serve time in the Provincial Penitentiary at Kingston. However, the British government in London was very concerned about the rebellion, especially in light of the strong popular support for the rebels in the United States and the more serious … Most banks – including the Bank of Upper Canada – suspended payments by July 1837 and successfully obtained government support while ordinary farmers and the poor did not. In 1834, he became the first mayor of Toronto. This kept the border in a state of turmoil for nearly a year. The Rebellions of 1837 began after Papineau's rights were denied by the governor to 92 resolutions of reform.Papineau had thought it was important that the people of Lower Canada should have a more suitable government, rather than the small oligarchy.After his rights were denied he led the Patriotes against the Oligarchy gov't. William Lyon MacKenzie led those in Upper Canada, while Lower Canada had Louis-Joseph Papineau as their leader. Upper & Lower Canada faced many problems which led to The Rebellion of 1837. [50] Instead, Mackenzie spent the day burning down the house of Bank of Upper Canada official and questioning the loyalty of his troops. Find books Mackenzie emigrated from Scotland to Canada in 1820 and became a general merchant. The more extreme elements in the Reform movement then began to mobilize under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie. other  have happened. December 05, 1837. On their way, the rebels ran into a picket of about 20 loyalists who opened fire. When hearing about this change, Mackenzie quickly tried to send a messenger to Lount to tell him not to arrive until December 7 but was unable to reach Lount in time. Toronto,  Debt collection laws allowed them to be jailed indefinitely until they paid their loans to merchants. [55] Morrison was arrested and charged with treason while Rolph sent a letter encouraging Mackenzie to send the rebels home then fled to the United States. It was a classic example of a situation in which the class contradictions reached a point where an open confrontation had to breakout. These grievances breathed life into the nascent  Over 800 people were arrested after the rebellion for being Reform sympathisers. [73] A general pardon for everyone but Mackenzie was issued in 1845, and Mackenzie himself was pardoned in 1849 and allowed to return to Canada, where he resumed his political career. Rebellion of 1837-1838 aka Patriot War . for service during the rebellions. They formed several fighting units — known as “Coloured Corps” — in Chatham, Lower Canada. commander of all government forces organized to crush the rebellion in Upper Canada. [51], A few hours later Rolph sent a messenger to Mackenzie that Toronto rebels were ready for their arrival to the city and Mackenzie marched his troops towards Toronto. After the War of 1812 the colonial government prevented Americans from swearing allegiance, thereby making them ineligible to obtain land grants. Both rebellions were motivated by frustrations with political reform. These policies favoured recent emigrants from Britain and the Church of England and its supporters over [13], Sir Francis Bond Head was appointed as Lieutenant-Governor and the Reform movement believed he would support their ideas. They were the leading members of the administration: executive councillors, legislative councillors, senior officials and some members of the judiciary. While it shrank, it became more violent, mainly through the support of the Hunters' Lodges, a secret United States-based militia that emerged around the Great Lakes, and launched the Patriot War in 1838–39. The Scottish-born newspaper publisher and politician was a fierce critic of the Family Compact. Instead, they decided to wait for Anthony Van Egmond to lead the rebellion into Toronto. In fact, they brought Britain and the US to the verge of war. Protestant groups. The loyalist forces included 120 Black soldiers under the command of Colonel Samuel Jarvis. If Bond refused, they would declare independence from the British Empire. Upper Canada. Rolph and Morrison were reluctant about the plan so Mackenzie sought Anthony Van Egmond to help lead the armed forces. James Fitzgibbon. This made them ineligible for land grants. It is estimated that there were between 400 and 500 rebels who assembled under Duncombe.[66]. One fifth of British immigrants to Upper Canada were impoverished and most immigrant farmers lacked the capital to pay for purchased land. Largely from the countryside north of Toronto, they represented a cross section of the farming community from which Mackenzie had always drawn most of his support. The rebellion itself failed, but its very failure helped pave the way for moderate and careful political change in British North America. During 1838, the rebels continued to send expeditions across the border. [17] The movement was disappointed when Bond Head made it clear he had no intention of consulting the Executive Council in the daily operations of the administration. [62] Bond Head ordered the tavern to be burned down and the rebels arrested. After the War of 1812, there was growing discontent in Upper Canada with the elite clique of politicians and officials known as the Family Compact. "The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 as a Borderland War: A Retrospective,", Greenwood,F. [54], On Tuesday night MacNab arrived in Toronto with sixty men from the Hamilton area. William Lyon Mackenzie A Scottish-born journalist and political agitator who led an unsuccessful revolt against the Canadian government in 1837. Although many rebels, including Duncombe, had fled prior to the upcoming battle due to hearing about the failure of Mackenzie in Toronto and general disorganization, there were still some present in Scotland, Ontario and MacNab commenced his attack on Scotland on December 14, causing the remaining rebels to flee after only a few shots were fired. of politicians and officials known as the Family Compact. Early attempts to push through political reform, led by those such as Robert Baldwin, were moderate and unsuccessful. Responding to the discontent in Upper Canada (now part of Ontario), he This rebellion was led by William Lyon Mackenzie, the first mayor of Toronto, who wanted the same things that they wanted in Lower Canada. On 5 December, a motley assortment of 500 to 700 rebels bearing only hunting rifles, staves and pitchforks, marched south on Yonge Street. He proclaimed a republic of Upper Canada. The rebellion in Upper Canada was led by William Lyon Mackenzie. Originally he had hoped British rule would help the French. Durham was assigned to report on the grievances among the British North American colonists and find a way to appease them. Many of the grievances which underlay the Rebellion involved the provisions of the Constitutional Act of 1791, which had created Upper Canada's political framework. When news of the arrest of the Patriote leaders reached Upper Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie launched an armed rebellion in December 1837. [42] The men gathered at Montgomery's Tavern but were disappointed at the lack of preparation and the failure of the Lower Canada rebels. the United States. [72] A group of rebels escaped their prison at Fort Henry and travelled to the United States. Historians of past generations insisted that without the rebellions, change would have come more slowly, if at all. Bond Head was recalled in late 1837 and replaced with Sir George Arthur who arrived in Toronto in March 1838. [44] When Rolph and Baldwin returned to Bond Head, they were informed that the government's offer had been withdrawn. Fitzgibbon was appointed commander of the government's forces. The root cause of resentment in Upper Canada was against the corruption and injustice by local politicians. Historians have debated the consequences of the rebellion in Upper Canada. [37] The mayor of Toronto refused to ring the City Hall bell if a rebellion began because he felt Fitzgibbon was causing unnecessary concern over a possible revolt. [78], 1837 populist rebellion against the government of Upper Canada, Francis Bond Head and the elections of 1836, Collapse of the international financial system, Consequences: execution or transportation, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSewell2002 (, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDent1885 (, Report on the Affairs of British North America, Archibald Macdonald (Canadian politician), "Closing the Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837–38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada", Lambton, John George, 1st Earl of Durham, in the, "William Lyon Mackenzie: the persistent hero", "MHS Transactions: Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837", "Closing the Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837-38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada,", "The story of the Upper Canadian rebellion, Proceedings of the Legislative Council of Upper Canada on the bill sent up from the House of Assembly, entitled, An act to amend the jury laws of this province, The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada: A collection of documents, Canadian state trials – Rebellion and invasion in the Canadas, 1837–1839, World Wars and Interwar Years (1914–1945), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Canada_Rebellion&oldid=997754061, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with dead external links from February 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837" by J. 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